{"id":9305,"date":"2022-03-02T11:15:49","date_gmt":"2022-03-02T15:15:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.charcoalproject.org\/?p=9305"},"modified":"2022-03-02T12:24:49","modified_gmt":"2022-03-02T16:24:49","slug":"is-the-path-to-sustainable-charcoal-straightforward","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.charcoalproject.org\/fr\/is-the-path-to-sustainable-charcoal-straightforward\/","title":{"rendered":"La voie vers un charbon de bois durable est-elle simple\u00a0?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Charbon de bois en attente de transport, pr\u00e8s de Voi, Kenya. Cr\u00e9dit photo\u00a0: Le projet Charcoal<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Le continent africain fait face \u00e0 une crise \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique avec <\/span>quatre-vingt-dix pourcent<\/span><\/a> de la population d'Afrique subsaharienne (ASS) d\u00e9pend des combustibles ligneux, y compris le charbon de bois, qui est souvent r\u00e9colt\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re non durable. Le charbon de bois durable offre une solution potentielle \u00e0 la crise \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique de l'Afrique, mais diff\u00e9rents niveaux de r\u00e9glementation et de surveillance gouvernementale l'emp\u00eachent de r\u00e9aliser son potentiel en tant que solution importante \u00e0 la crise \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique de l'Afrique. Un article r\u00e9cent intitul\u00e9 \u00ab<\/span>De la crise au contexte\u00a0: examen de l'avenir du charbon de bois durable en Afrique<\/span><\/a>\u00bb, soutient qu'un \u00e9ventail de facteurs compliqu\u00e9s et souvent simplifi\u00e9s \u00e0 l'extr\u00eame contribuent \u00e0 la fausse repr\u00e9sentation du charbon de bois dans les m\u00e9dias et dans les d\u00e9bats politiques. Les auteurs de l'article, qui comprennent Dr Tuyeni H. Mwampamba<\/a>\u2013membre du conseil d'administration de The Charcoal Projects et professeur de recherche \u00e0 l'Institute for Ecosystems and Sustainability Research \u2013 soutient que pour bien comprendre la durabilit\u00e9 future potentielle du charbon de bois, il doit \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 dans ses \u00abcontextes historiques, sociaux et environnementaux\u00bb. Le charbon de bois, en tant que source de combustible, est tr\u00e8s controvers\u00e9 parmi les politiciens, les universitaires et les d\u00e9cideurs. Cet article identifie deux r\u00e9cits principaux qui d\u00e9finissent la conversation entourant sa viabilit\u00e9 future, et il propose son propre r\u00e9cit qui est plus inclusif des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s difficiles entourant l'industrie du charbon de bois. <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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R\u00e9cit de la crise du charbon de bois<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Le premier, d\u00e9crit par l'article comme le \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9cit de la crise du charbon de bois\u00a0\u00bb, d\u00e9peint le charbon de bois comme incompatible avec d'autres \u00e9nergies durables et est responsable d'une catastrophe \u00e9cologique \u00e0 venir en Afrique. Dans le cadre de ce r\u00e9cit, \u00ab le charbon de bois est inextricablement associ\u00e9 \u00e0 la pauvret\u00e9, au sous-d\u00e9veloppement et \u00e0 la d\u00e9gradation de l'environnement \u00bb, et la seule solution au probl\u00e8me est de supprimer le charbon de bois du mix \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique de l'Afrique. Ce point de vue se refl\u00e8te dans une grande partie de la couverture m\u00e9diatique du charbon de bois comme source de combustible en Afrique subsaharienne (ASS) avec m\u00eame des publications progressistes comme\u00a0Citoyen global<\/a>\u00a0affirmant que \u00able charbon de bois a acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9 la d\u00e9forestation, exacerbant les effets d\u00e9j\u00e0 meurtriers du changement climatique et tuant des gens chez eux\u00bb.\u00a0<\/p>

En plus de la d\u00e9forestation, l'industrie du charbon de bois est accus\u00e9e d'innombrables autres probl\u00e8mes sur le continent, notamment\u00a0<\/span>intensifiant la d\u00e9sertification et alimentant la violence extr\u00e9miste<\/a>. En outre, certains soutiennent que le charbon de bois est une source d'\u00e9nergie moins ch\u00e8re par rapport \u00e0 d'autres alternatives. Selon\u00a0<\/span>Ficelle Rose<\/a>, un entrepreneur ougandais vendant des fourneaux \u00e9cologiques, "" Le charbon de bois n'est pas vraiment moins cher, les gens sont simplement coinc\u00e9s dans leurs anciennes habitudes. " pour faire valoir que nous pouvons am\u00e9liorer sa durabilit\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Cr\u00e9dit photo\u00a0: Groupe de conservation des for\u00eats de Tanzanie<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Durabilit\u00e9 \u00e0 travers le r\u00e9cit de la formalisation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Charbon de bois \u00e0 vendre (stock photo)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Le principal r\u00e9cit concurrent identifi\u00e9 par l'article est \u00ab\u00a0la durabilit\u00e9 par la formalisation\u00a0\u00bb. Ce r\u00e9cit postule que le charbon de bois peut \u00eatre rendu durable gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la formalisation des \u00abtechnologies de production, de commerce, de march\u00e9s et de consommation\u00bb. Les partisans de la \u00abdurabilit\u00e9 par la formalisation\u00bb soutiennent que le charbon de bois offre une solution attrayante aux probl\u00e8mes \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques de l'Afrique.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Cette affirmation est \u00e9tay\u00e9e par un ensemble de recherches qui soulignent que le secteur du charbon de bois n'est pas uniforme sur tout le continent, mais qu'il prend plut\u00f4t des formes et des r\u00f4les vari\u00e9s au sein de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 africaine.\u00a0<\/span>Selon un papier<\/a>\u00a0par Nike Doggart et Charles Meshack, "le charbon de bois peut \u00eatre produit sans d\u00e9boiser ou d\u00e9grader de mani\u00e8re permanente une zone bois\u00e9e en prot\u00e9geant les zones r\u00e9colt\u00e9es de la culture, du p\u00e2turage intensif et du feu, permettant ainsi la r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration naturelle".\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Cette id\u00e9e s'est refl\u00e9t\u00e9e dans les conversations tenues lors d'une conf\u00e9rence de l'ONU-FAO (Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture) sur le bois-\u00e9nergie en novembre 2021 avec Abebe Haile Gabrielle, Sous-Directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la FAO, d\u00e9clarant que<\/a>, "nous avons besoin de l'implication collective de toutes les parties prenantes et de nous engager sur des solutions innovantes pour rendre la production et le commerce de combustibles ligneux durables."\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Mettre le charbon de bois en contexte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Bien que ces deux r\u00e9cits contiennent des aspects de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9, l'article co-\u00e9crit par Mwampamba soutient que la v\u00e9ritable situation \u00e9chappe aux deux r\u00e9cits, et il propose un r\u00e9cit alternatif intitul\u00e9 "Charcoal in Context", qui illustre et int\u00e8gre les contextes culturels complexes dans lesquels le charbon de bois existe : \u00ab Nous abordons le charbon de bois comme une ressource ancr\u00e9e dans des contextes politiques, \u00e9conomiques et historiques sp\u00e9cifiques entra\u00eenant une complexit\u00e9 socio-\u00e9conomique importante.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Un th\u00e8me courant de cet article est que le secteur de la production de charbon de bois est beaucoup plus compliqu\u00e9 que ne le supposent les r\u00e9cits existants, et l'article s'oppose \u00e0 l'hypoth\u00e8se que tout le charbon de bois est le m\u00eame partout. Une opinion commun\u00e9ment admise lorsqu'on consid\u00e8re le secteur du charbon de bois en Afrique. Il existe des pressions sociales complexes au sein du secteur du charbon de bois, et les auteurs \u00e9tablissent une relation importante entre l'in\u00e9galit\u00e9 de pouvoir et la durabilit\u00e9 de la production au sein du secteur. L'\u00e9volution des forces culturelles peut modifier rapidement le visage du secteur du charbon de bois - les centres urbains r\u00e9gionaux en expansion rapide, les d\u00e9placements inattendus dus aux catastrophes naturelles, les conflits et les changements dans l'organisation du travail ont tous un impact unique sur les contextes socio-\u00e9conomiques et culturels entourant le charbon de bois.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Il est naturel de simplifier \u00e0 l'extr\u00eame des situations complexes et des discussions politiques, et le secteur du charbon de bois n'est pas diff\u00e9rent. Cependant, le document identifie le travail, la terre, la technologie et l'autorit\u00e9 politique comme quatre contextes cl\u00e9s qui ont souffert de cette simplification excessive et plonge ensuite profond\u00e9ment dans chacun. Par exemple, l'hypoth\u00e8se d'informalit\u00e9 universelle en ce qui concerne les lois et r\u00e9glementations du travail dans l'industrie du charbon de bois est incorrecte, car le secteur n'est pas uniform\u00e9ment informel. Certains aspects de la cha\u00eene de production dans les r\u00e9gions d'ASS sont r\u00e9glement\u00e9s alors que d'autres ne le sont pas. Dans le contexte du travail, par exemple, les conditions de travail en Afrique subsaharienne dans lesquelles le charbon de bois est produit \u00e9voluent rapidement, et ces conditions variables font que certains aspects de la cha\u00eene de valeur du charbon de bois sont formels et d'autres informels simultan\u00e9ment. La pression pour formaliser les petits producteurs avec des entit\u00e9s commerciales priverait d'importantes sources de revenus pour de nombreux m\u00e9nages et exploitations. Dans son contexte, la variabilit\u00e9 de la main-d'\u0153uvre apporte de la flexibilit\u00e9 au secteur, ce qui peut entra\u00eener une am\u00e9lioration des revenus des petits producteurs. Par cons\u00e9quent, cette facette de l'industrie doit \u00eatre gard\u00e9e \u00e0 l'esprit lors de l'\u00e9laboration de la r\u00e9glementation du travail.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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Conclusion - Le charbon de bois durable n'est pas simple<\/span><\/h2>

Le document illustre qu'il existe de nombreux facteurs aggravants qui rendent l'avenir du charbon de bois durable difficile \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer. Les deux r\u00e9cits existants ne repr\u00e9sentent que des segments de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9, et les nombreux contextes culturels et \u00e9conomiques qui sont confondus avec la production de charbon de bois signifient que la v\u00e9ritable situation n'est pas aussi noire ou blanche que les r\u00e9cits existants le laisseraient croire. Par cons\u00e9quent, \u00e0 la fin de l'article, il appelle \u00e0 une expansion du corpus de recherche actuel sur le charbon de bois afin de pousser le secteur vers une plus grande durabilit\u00e9. L'Afrique subsaharienne est confront\u00e9e \u00e0 une crise \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique ind\u00e9niable, non r\u00e9solue et implacable, et dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat de la protection de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me mondial, le charbon de bois en tant que source de carburant viable et efficace a \u00e9t\u00e9 simplifi\u00e9 \u00e0 l'extr\u00eame et par la suite diabolis\u00e9. Le concept de charbon de bois durable et le processus de cr\u00e9ation d'une industrie du charbon de bois durable ne sont pas aussi simples que la litt\u00e9rature actuelle le pr\u00e9conise, et l'article co-\u00e9crit par Mwampamba vise \u00e0 attirer l'attention sur les facteurs de complication commun\u00e9ment oubli\u00e9s associ\u00e9s \u00e0 l'industrie du charbon de bois. Vous pouvez acc\u00e9der au rapport complet, ici : "De la crise au contexte\u00a0: examen de l'avenir du charbon de bois durable en Afrique", par Branch et al.<\/a><\/span><\/p>

Le Dr Tuyeni H. Mwampamba, membre du conseil d'administration du TCP, est l'un des auteurs de cet article. Si vous avez des probl\u00e8mes pour acc\u00e9der au rapport, veuillez la contacter \u00e0 tuyeni@iies.unam.mx<\/span>\u00a0pour une copie.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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A propos de l'auteur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Michael Deeter (il\/lui) est actuellement un \u00e9tudiant junior \u00e0 l'Universit\u00e9 du Michigan qui \u00e9tudie la politique publique avec une mineure en \u00e9tudes internationales. Il s'int\u00e9resse particuli\u00e8rement au d\u00e9veloppement des \u00e9conomies et des d\u00e9mocraties africaines en mettant l'accent sur l'interrelation entre l'augmentation des investissements \u00e9trangers sur le continent et les r\u00e9sultats \u00e9conomiques. Au sein du Charcoal Project, il aide \u00e0 organiser la pr\u00e9sence de l'organisation sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux, aide \u00e0 la recherche et \u00e9crit des articles de blog concernant les d\u00e9veloppements importants dans le secteur du charbon de bois en ASS. Il esp\u00e8re faire du b\u00e9n\u00e9volat avec le Peace Corps apr\u00e8s avoir obtenu son dipl\u00f4me et consid\u00e8re le Charcoal Project comme un aspect essentiel de son d\u00e9veloppement professionnel et personnel. <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Charcoal awaiting transport, near Voi, Kenya. Photo credit: The Charcoal Project The African continent is facing an energy crisis with ninety percent of the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) population relying on woodfuels, including charcoal, which is often unsustainably harvested. Sustainable charcoal offers a potential solution to Africa\u2019s energy crisis, but varying levels of regulation and government […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":9307,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"give_campaign_id":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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