{"id":8421,"date":"2020-10-01T21:11:51","date_gmt":"2020-10-01T21:11:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.charcoalproject.org\/?p=8421"},"modified":"2020-10-01T21:11:51","modified_gmt":"2020-10-01T21:11:51","slug":"does-charcoal-have-a-future-in-africa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.charcoalproject.org\/fr\/does-charcoal-have-a-future-in-africa\/","title":{"rendered":"Le charbon de bois a-t-il un avenir en Afrique ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"RogerioRog\u00e9rio Carneiro de Miranda<\/a><\/strong>, ing\u00e9nieur forestier, a consacr\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 30 ans de sa vie professionnelle au bois-\u00e9nergie, de la ma\u00eetrise du d\u00e9veloppement, de la production et de la commercialisation des \u00e9co-foyers (foyers \u00e0 bois am\u00e9lior\u00e9s) en Am\u00e9rique latine, \u00e0 la promotion des associations de remplacement des for\u00eats aupr\u00e8s des petites entreprises consommatrices de bois-\u00e9nergie en Am\u00e9rique centrale, la cuisson alternative \u00e0 l'\u00e9thanol en Afrique et l'appui \u00e0 la modernisation de la production de charbon de bois au Nicaragua et au Br\u00e9sil. Rogerio est un entrepreneur de po\u00eales \u00e0 bois et directeur du conseil d'administration de The Charcoal Project.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Le charbon de bois a-t-il un avenir en Afrique ?<\/h1>\n

de Rogerio Carneiro de Miranda<\/strong><\/p>\n

Quand je regarde le secteur du charbon de bois aujourd'hui dans une grande partie de l'Afrique, avec la d\u00e9forestation, le commerce ill\u00e9gal et les foyers \u00e0 faible efficacit\u00e9, je me demande si le charbon de bois pourrait \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une source d'\u00e9nergie viable \u00e0 l'avenir, malgr\u00e9 les nombreux probl\u00e8mes auxquels sont confront\u00e9s sa production, son commerce et utiliser?<\/span><\/p>\n

Le charbon de bois est un combustible de cuisson majeur en Afrique subsaharienne, principalement dans les zones urbaines, en raison du manque d'infrastructures et du co\u00fbt \u00e9lev\u00e9 de la diffusion des combustibles de cuisson modernes tels que le GPL et l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. C'est particuli\u00e8rement le cas pour les m\u00e9nages \u00e0 faible revenu. On s'attend \u00e0 ce que le charbon de bois continue d'\u00eatre un combustible de cuisson majeur pendant encore plusieurs d\u00e9cennies.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Adobe
Charbon \u00e0 vendre.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Les dirigeants africains doivent se concentrer sur le potentiel du charbon de bois<\/em><\/h4>\n

La vision \u00e9troite des d\u00e9cideurs politiques vis-\u00e0-vis du charbon de bois est ancr\u00e9e dans une image archa\u00efque du combustible et se concentre davantage sur les probl\u00e8mes pass\u00e9s et pr\u00e9sents du combustible. Ce point de vue ignore le plein potentiel du carburant. Comme ils imposent des interdictions de charbon de bois et ignorent les opportunit\u00e9s de sa modernisation, je le vois comme une occasion perdue de faire du charbon de bois un combustible durable viable pour les pays africains.<\/span>\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n

Aujourd'hui, la plupart des pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s dans le monde ont r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre leurs propres probl\u00e8mes \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques pass\u00e9s en d\u00e9veloppant de nouvelles solutions \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques qui surmontent les probl\u00e8mes pass\u00e9s.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Par exemple, le bois \u00e9tait une source d'\u00e9nergie majeure pour la plupart des pays il y a deux si\u00e8cles. \u00c0 l'\u00e9poque, l'industrie des po\u00eales a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 des po\u00eales \u00e0 bois plus efficaces pour la cuisson et le chauffage. Ces types de foyers ont \u00e9t\u00e9 largement adopt\u00e9s par les m\u00e9nages et sont encore utilis\u00e9s aujourd'hui dans de nombreux pays, bien qu'en plus petit nombre. De plus, l'industrie des po\u00eales s'est davantage modernis\u00e9e vers les po\u00eales \u00e0 bois \u00ab double combustion \u00bb, une nouvelle technologie qui br\u00fble deux fois le gaz de bois, ce qui la rend encore plus efficace et plus propre.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Il y a cent cinquante ans, le charbon, qui contient plus d'\u00e9nergie que le bois ou le charbon de bois, a remplac\u00e9 le bois comme \u00e9nergie de choix et est devenu le moteur \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique qui a aliment\u00e9 la r\u00e9volution industrielle. N\u00e9anmoins, les premi\u00e8res industries des po\u00eales \u00e0 bois ont \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s importantes pour soutenir la transition vers le d\u00e9veloppement de nouveaux appareils \u00e9lectrom\u00e9nagers \u00e0 \u00e9nergie domestique, tels que ceux aliment\u00e9s au charbon, au GPL et \u00e0 l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. Par exemple, ici au Br\u00e9sil, bon nombre des principaux producteurs de po\u00eales au GPL d'aujourd'hui \u00e9taient auparavant de grands fabricants de po\u00eales \u00e0 bois portables, et ils proposent encore certains mod\u00e8les de po\u00eales \u00e0 bois dans leurs portefeuilles.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Charcoal
Cuisini\u00e8re \u00e0 charbon de bois am\u00e9lior\u00e9e, fabriqu\u00e9e par AEST Ouganda<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Pour le secteur du charbon de bois en Afrique, je sugg\u00e8re une approche similaire. Au lieu d'ignorer et d'imposer des restrictions, les d\u00e9cideurs africains devraient voir le charbon de bois comme une opportunit\u00e9 de d\u00e9velopper et de diversifier les industries locales qui pourraient produire de meilleurs r\u00e9chauds \u00e0 bois et \u00e0 charbon de bois, organiser le commerce et m\u00eame d\u00e9velopper une source durable de bois de chauffage. Un moment viendra \u00e9ventuellement o\u00f9 les Africains ne d\u00e9pendront plus du charbon de bois, mais s'ils ne peuvent pas encore se permettre d'abandonner le charbon de bois, ils devraient l'adopter et se concentrer sur le d\u00e9veloppement d'une industrie locale durable et plus moderne pour en tirer le meilleur parti. . Une telle approche cr\u00e9erait des industries locales pour surmonter le probl\u00e8me imm\u00e9diat et \u00e9tablirait une base industrielle qui soutiendrait la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique loin du charbon de bois, le moment venu. En m\u00eame temps, cette approche reconna\u00eetrait l'importance du charbon de bois dans la g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de revenus pour les m\u00e9nages ruraux et \u00e0 faible revenu, et cr\u00e9erait un m\u00e9canisme pour remplacer cette perte de revenus par des salaires industriels.<\/span><\/p>\n

Le secteur du charbon de bois au Br\u00e9sil s'est transform\u00e9<\/em><\/h4>\n

Un bon exemple d'une telle transformation est le Br\u00e9sil, le plus grand producteur de charbon de bois au monde. Il y a environ 40 ans, le charbon de bois \u00e9tait un moteur de la d\u00e9forestation et le commerce du charbon de bois \u00e9tait en grande partie ill\u00e9gal. De plus, les anciens fours \u00e0 charbon de bois \u00e9taient inefficaces et la plupart du bois de chauffage partait en fum\u00e9e au lieu d'\u00eatre converti en charbon de bois. En adoptant des politiques foresti\u00e8res transformatrices au cours des quatre derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies, le Br\u00e9sil a transform\u00e9 le secteur du charbon de bois d'un fauteur de troubles environnementaux en une entreprise durable. De nos jours, plus de 80% de tout le charbon de bois proviennent de sources durables, telles que des programmes de reboisement industriel et d'arboriculture. De plus, les fours \u00e0 charbon de bois ont \u00e9volu\u00e9 d'une efficacit\u00e9 de 16% \u00e0 32-34%. Aujourd'hui, le commerce est majoritairement l\u00e9gal et tax\u00e9. Ce changement de politique a abouti \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation d'une industrie sid\u00e9rurgique moderne bas\u00e9e sur le charbon de bois durable, c'est pourquoi ses produits sont connus sur le march\u00e9 sous le nom d'\u00a8acier vert br\u00e9silien\u00a8. Contrairement au charbon, qui est encore utilis\u00e9 dans de nombreux pays pour cr\u00e9er de l'acier et du fer, le charbon de bois durable et renouvelable du Br\u00e9sil est respectueux du climat.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Charcoal
Fours \u00e0 charbon br\u00e9siliens.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

De plus, la fum\u00e9e provenant de la production de charbon de bois peut \u00eatre exploit\u00e9e sous forme de gaz condensables et non condensables. Les gaz condensables peuvent \u00eatre transform\u00e9s en plusieurs sous-produits chimiques ayant des applications commerciales, tels que le goudron, les bio-huiles et d'autres produits agricoles et alimentaires, tandis que les gaz non condensables issus de la production de charbon de bois peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s pour g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. En France, par exemple, l'entreprise charbonni\u00e8re Carbonex<\/a> coproduit d\u00e9j\u00e0 3,3 MW d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 en br\u00fblant la fum\u00e9e de sa production de charbon de bois et en la vendant au march\u00e9 fran\u00e7ais de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, tandis qu'au Br\u00e9sil, cette m\u00eame approche est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par des charbonniers locaux. Une telle technologie de cog\u00e9n\u00e9ration est prometteuse pour l'Afrique, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 qu'environ 80% des communaut\u00e9s rurales, o\u00f9 le charbon de bois est produit, n'ont pas un acc\u00e8s fiable \u00e0 l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Le charbon de bois est l\u00e0 pour rester, il est temps de le rendre meilleur<\/em><\/h4>\n

Le point ici est que de nombreux pays ont r\u00e9solu leurs probl\u00e8mes primitifs d'utilisation de l'\u00e9nergie de la biomasse en la transformant en une source d'\u00e9nergie plus conviviale, avec de meilleures technologies de combustion et des politiques foresti\u00e8res r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratives. Les pays africains peuvent, de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re, d\u00e9velopper des industries locales pour apporter des solutions \u00e0 chaque \u00e9tape de l'\u00e9volution \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique. En ne l'interdisant pas ou en l'ignorant, l'Afrique pourrait transformer son probl\u00e8me actuel de charbon de bois en une future opportunit\u00e9 commerciale durable.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rog\u00e9rio Carneiro de Miranda, a forest engineer, has dedicated nearly 30 years of his professional life to woodenergy, from mastering the development, production and commercialization of ecostoves (improved wood stoves) in Latin America, to promoting forest replacement associations among small fuelwood consuming enterprises in Central America, alternative cooking with ethanol in Africa, and supporting the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8323,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"give_campaign_id":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[265,266,245],"class_list":["post-8421","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-africa","tag-brazil","tag-charcoal"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDoes Charcoal Have a Future in Africa? - The Charcoal Project<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Rogerio Carneiro de Mirando examines whether the charcoal sector in Africa can be a viable source of sustainable fuel for the continent.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.charcoalproject.org\/fr\/does-charcoal-have-a-future-in-africa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Does Charcoal Have a Future in Africa? - The Charcoal Project\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Rogerio Carneiro de Mirando examines whether the charcoal sector in Africa can be a viable source of sustainable fuel for the continent.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.charcoalproject.org\/fr\/does-charcoal-have-a-future-in-africa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Charcoal Project\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/TheCharcoalProject\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-10-01T21:11:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.charcoalproject.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/08\/AdobeStock_231202095.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1667\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Sylvia Herzog\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@charcoalproject\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@charcoalproject\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Sylvia Herzog\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.charcoalproject.org\\\/does-charcoal-have-a-future-in-africa\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.charcoalproject.org\\\/does-charcoal-have-a-future-in-africa\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sylvia Herzog\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.charcoalproject.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/9cdb4ac8bc18f9c8896dc5f65b2eb24a\"},\"headline\":\"Does Charcoal Have a Future in Africa?\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-10-01T21:11:51+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.charcoalproject.org\\\/does-charcoal-have-a-future-in-africa\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1042,\"commentCount\":3,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.charcoalproject.org\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.charcoalproject.org\\\/does-charcoal-have-a-future-in-africa\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.charcoalproject.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2013\\\/08\\\/AdobeStock_231202095.jpeg\",\"keywords\":[\"Africa\",\"Brazil\",\"charcoal\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Blog\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.charcoalproject.org\\\/does-charcoal-have-a-future-in-africa\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.charcoalproject.org\\\/does-charcoal-have-a-future-in-africa\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.charcoalproject.org\\\/does-charcoal-have-a-future-in-africa\\\/\",\"name\":\"Does Charcoal Have a Future in Africa? 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